examples of socialization in school

Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. 6. Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). When children start school, for example, they are socialized to obey authority (i.e., the teacher) and in how to be a student. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. His teacher the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. Adults who were homeschool as kids are civically engaged and well adjusted. 7. A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. Alberta Education. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). The government also funds other programs that provide Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Students also learn their gender at school. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. According to Cohen (1972), individuals (or groups of individuals), events, or conditions are perceived as jeopardizing wider societal values and interests. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. Religion. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). You can help your child work on It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). Alberta Education explains that this. They were also more likely to be married. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. The conflicts that students have with such rules were also highlighted. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she How did you perceive other groups? The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? 9. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. The role of peer groups was also discussed. 2000). Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). And How! How do they contribute to student socialization? While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. What role does school climate play in student socialization? Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. Incorporating technology into the classroom has also been suggested as a way to improve boys reading achievement, particularly through the use of the internet. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Box 6.5 Declining Male Performance in ReadingA Moral Panic? The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. But curriculum is just one aspect. In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Gender Socialization. The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). What solutions are being offered? It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). In Alberta, applied English language arts are designated the course abbreviation of ELA 10-2 (Grade 10), 20-2 (Grade 11), and 30-2 (Grade 12). (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. 10. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. What is the Value of a Liberal Arts Degree? Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). How do students learn gender at school? Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the

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